Introduction To Economics, What Is Economics?, Branches Of Economics, Factors Of Production, Economic Systems, Circular Flow Of Goods & Income, Distinction Between Micro & Macro Economics.
Cost & Benefit Analysis, How Consumer Decides About Optimal Choice, Opportunity Cost, Production Possibility Frontier (Ppf), Opportunity Cost & Production Possibilities, Ppf And Its Relationship With Macroeconomics.
Demand, Supply & Equilibrium Analysis, Supply, Problems Of Identification Or Determinants Of Supply, Determinants In The Context Of Supply Of Butter, Factors Shifting Supply Curve, Algebraic Representation Of Equilibrium.
Demand, Supply & Equilibrium Analysis, The Market For Butter, Government’s Role In Price-Determination & Equilibrium Analysis, Price Ceiling, Price Floor, Rationing & Supply Shocks, Social Cost, Marginal Social Cost.
Elasticities, Types Of Elasticity, Income Elasticity Of Demand, Cross-Price Elasticity Of Demand, Why We Use Percentage Change Rather Than Absolute Change In Elasticity?, Elastic And Inelastic Demand, Total Revenue And Elasticity, Example Of 2 Firms, Elasticity Between Two Points, Point Elasticity For Quadratic Demand Function.
Elasticities, Table Of Unitary Elasticity, Effects Of Advertising On Demand Curve, Price Elasticity Of Supply, Determinants Of Price Elasticity Of Supply.
Income Elasticity Of Demand, Determinants Of Income Elasticity Of Demand, Cross-Price Elasticity Of Demand, Determinants Of Cross Price Elasticity Of Demand, Incidence Of Taxation, Three Core Rules Of Elasticty.
Consumer Behavior, Consumption Side Analysis, Scarcity And Rational Choice, Cardinal Vs. Ordinal Approach, Marginal Utility Analysis Or Cardinal Approach, The Law Of Diminishing Marginal Utility, Deciding On The Optimal Level Of Consumption, The Equi-Marginal Principle.
Consumer Behavior, Consumption Side Analysis, Supply Side And Demand Side Views On The Value Of Good, Supply Side And Demand Side, Diamond Water Paradox, Uncertainty In The Consumption Decision Analysis.
Consumer Behavior, Consumption Side Analysis, The Indifference Curve Approach Or Ordinal Approach, Marginal Rate Of Substitution, Equation Of The Budget Line.
The Optimum Consumption Point For The Consumer, Least Cost Combination, The Income Consumption Curve (Icc), Price Consumption Curve (Pcc), Limitation Of Indifference Approach.
Producer Behavior, Production Side Analysis, Producer Behavior: Production Side Analysis, Traditional Theory Of The Firm, Entrepreneurship, Production Function, Cobb Douglas Production Function, The Law Of Diminishing Marginal Returns, Relationship Between App And Mpp.
Producer Behavior: Production Side Analysis, There Are Two Theories Of Production, The Scale Of Production, The Location, Size Of Decision, External Economies And Diseconomies Of Scale, The Optimum Combination Of Factors.
Producer Behavior, Production Side Analysis, Isoquant, Marginal Rate Of Technical Substitution (Mrts), Isocost Or Budget Line, Optimal Combination Of Factors, Sunk Cost.
Profit Maximization Analysis, Market Structures, Profit Maximization Using Calculus, Market Structures, Perfect Competition, Profit Maximization Under Perfect Competition In The Short Run.
Market Structures, Profit Maximization Under Perfect Competition In The Long Run, Allocative Efficiency And Productive Efficiency, Monopoly, Monopoly Power, Profit Maximization Under Monopoly, How Can A Monopolist Retain Its Monopoly?.
Price Discrimination, Types Of Price Discrimination, 1st Degree Pd, 2nd Degree Pd, 3rd Degree Pd, Pre-Requisites / Conditions Of Price Discrimination, Benefits Of Price Discrimination, Monopolistic Competition, Short Run And Long Run Under Monopolistic Competition.
Market Structures, Oligopoly, Difference Of Oligopoly With Other Market Structures, Collusion, Two Possible Scenarios Of Oligopoly, Collusion & Game Theory.
Welfare Economics, Price Stability In Non-Collusive Oligopolies: Kinked Demand Curve, Welfare Economics, The Marginal Private Cost Of Advertising, Marginal Social Cost, The Concept Of Externality, Optimal Level Of Production, Merit Good, Public Good.
Introduction To Macroeconomics, Macroeconomics, Aggregate Demand (Ad), Aggregate Supply (As), Classical Economics, Optimal Role Of Government Under Classical Economics, The Concept Of Invisible Hand, Full Employment, The Classical Views About Great Depression, Failure Of The Classical Model, Keynes And The Origins Of Modern Macro Economics, The Keynesians’ Views About Great Depression.
Introduction To Macroeconomics, Differences Between Classical And Keynesian Economics, Labor Market, The Classical View, The Keynesian View, Market For Loanable Funds, The Classical View, Market For Loanable Funds, The Keynesian View, Aggregate Demand, Why Ad Curve Slopes Downward, Factors That Shifts Aggregate Demand.
Macroeconomic Data & National Income Accounting, The Use Of Macroeconomic Data, Graphical Presentation Of Data, National Income Accounting, Methods Of Measuring Gdp.
Macroeconomic Data & National Income Accounting, Gdp At Factor And Market Prices, Net Domestic Product (Ndp), Depreciation, Gross National Product (Gnp), Net National Product (Nnp), National Income (Ni), National Income And Gross Domestic Product, Price Deflator, The Purchasing Parity (Ppp), The Purchasing Parity (Ppp).
Macroeconomic Equilibrium, The Determination Of Equilibrium Income, The Key Variables Of The Macroeconomic Model, Circular Flow, The Concept Of Leakages And Injections, Classical View, Macroeconomic Equilibrium: Keynesian View, Consumption And Consumption Function, Marginal Propensity To Consume (Mpc) And Marginal Propensity To Save (Mps), The Saving Function, Calculation Of Apc, Aps & Mpc, Mps.
Investment And Investment Demand Curve, Types Of Investment, Imports, Exports And Trade Balance, Determination Of National Income, Algebraic Determination Of Equilibrium, The Withdrawals, Injections Approach To Equilibrium.
Keynesian Ad & As Approach To Equilibrium With The 450 Line Approach, Keynes’s Intuition About The Multiplier, Keynes Paradox Of Thrift, The Accelerator, Interaction Of Accelerator And Multiplier.
The Four Big Macroeconomic Issues And Their Inter-Relationships, Unemployment, Definition Of Unemployment, Costs Of Unemployment, Definitional Problems With Unemployment Rate, Theories About The Causes Of Unemployment, The Monetarists’ Views About Unemployment.
The Four Big Macroeconomic Issues And Their Inter-Relationships, The Monetarists View, The Balance Of Payments (Bop), The Market For Foreign Exchange, History Of Exchange Rate In Pakistan.
Devaluation, Appreciation, Depreciation, The Forces Of Demand And Supply In Foreign Exchange Market, The Forces Of Demand And Supply In Foreign Exchange Market, Parts Of Bop, The Current Account, The Capital Account, Changes To Official Foreign Exchange Reserves (+ Or -).
The Concept Of Economic Growth And Growth Rate, Actual & Potential Gdp, Traditional Thinking About Growth, Real Vs Nominal Gdp, Aggregate Gdp Vs Per Capita Real Gdp, How Per Capita Growth Rates Related To The Aggregate Growth Rate In An Economy? Defining Gdp Growth Rate, Link Between Growth And The Various Factors Of Production.
Exogenous Growth Theory, Mathematical Form Of The Model, Inferences From This Theory, Criticism / Major Weaknesses Of Exogenous Growth Model, Endogenous Growth Theory, Mathematical Form Of The Model, Labor And Capital, Land.
Macroeconomic Issues And Their Inter-Relationships, Bilateral Relationship Among The “Big Four” & Fiscal Policy, Big Four In Case Of Long Run, The Salter-Swan Diagram, The Internal Balance And External Balance, The Intersection Of Ib And Eb, Fiscal Policy, The Concept Of Taxation, The Debate Over Taxation, Horizontal Equity, Types Of Taxes, How Much To Tax? Laffer Curve, Expenditures And The Effects Of Fiscal Policy, Effect Of Taxation On Equilibrium Output And The Balanced Budget Multiplier.
Fiscal Policy, Money & Banking, Financing Of Deficit, Should The Fiscal Policy Be Active Or Passive?, The Concept Of Money, What Do Commercial Banks Do?, The Money Creation Process, Balance Sheet Of A Central Bank.
Money, Central Banking And Monetary Policy, Balance Sheet Of State Bank Of Pakistan (Sbp), Monetary Policy, Monetary Policy, Functions Of Central Bank, Why People Hold Money?, Demand For Money.
Money & Goods Market Equilibrium: Is-Lm Frame Work, Money Supply, Money Market Equilibrium, The Lm Curve, Shifts In The Lm Curve, Goods Market Equilibrium: The Is Curve, The Slope Of The Is Curve, Shifts In The Is Curve, Joint Equilibrium In Goods And Money Market: The Is-Lm Framework, Expansionary Monetary Policy, Expansionary Fiscal Policy, Fiscal Monetary Policy Interaction.
International Trade And Finance, International Trade, Interesting Facts About The World Trade, The Concept Of Comparative Advantage, The Source Of Comparative Advantage, Criticism Against Hechshcer-Ohlin Type Trade Theories, Welfare Effects Of Tariff, International Finance, International Capital Mobility, Benefits Of International Capital Mobility, Disadvantages Of International Capital Mobility, Suggestions To Cure The Problems Of Global Capital Mobility.
Problems Of Lower Income Countries (Lics), Theories About The Problems Of Lics, Development Strategies, Imf’s Stabilization Policies, World Bank’s Structural Reform Policies, So What Are The Proposed Solutions?.
